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A pure carbon quantum dot can be designed by introducing pentagon-heptagon defects in a carbon nanotube. This system has completely confined electronic states induced by the presence of topological defects. By varying the distance between the pentagon-heptagon pairs, the energy difference, spatial confinement, and number of discrete levels can be modified, thus opening a way for carbon-nanotube-based engineering of zero-dimensional systems.
Chico et al. (Mon,) studied this question.