Biofumigation with broccoli residues suppresses tomato wilt diseases by shaping functional soil microbiota and releasing the bioactive compound artemisinin-like compounds

Biofumigation represents an environmentally sustainable approach for soil-borne disease control. However, identifying cost-effective residues and elucidating their mechanisms of disease-suppressive remain critical challenges. This study established an optimized biofumigation dosage using broccoli residues to suppress bacterial ( Ralstonia solanacearum ) and fungal ( Fusarium oxysporum ) wilts in tomato. The causal mechanisms linking treatment to shifts in soil microbial communities, metabolic profiles, pathogen abundance, and disease incidence were elucidated. We also explored artemisinin-like compounds-like compounds as a potential biopesticide. Screening identified broccoli as the most effective biofumigant among Brassicaceae species. Its optimal dosage (1.5%) suppressed tomato wilt by reducing pathogen loads and altering soil microbiota. Metabolomics revealed artemisinin-like compounds-like compounds as a key bioactive inhibitor. Combined application with chemical pesticides enhanced efficacy, offering a sustainable path for pesticide reduction. Therefore, broccoli residues biofumigation suppresses tomato wilt disease by shaping functional soil microflora and releasing the bioactive compound artemisinin-like compounds-like compounds, offering a novel strategy for reducing chemical pesticide use.