Numerical Investigation of a 3D End-Firing antenna array based on Two-Photon polymerization on Thin-Film lithium niobate for optical beam steering

Optical phased arrays (OPAs) are key components for solid-state beam steering in emerging photonic technologies such as LiDAR, optical communication, and adaptive optics. However, conventional integrated OPA designs face trade-offs between bandwidth, steering range, and fabrication complexity. Here we designed and numerically analyzed a novel three-dimensional end-firing antenna array compatible with fabrication using two-photon polymerization (2PP) directly on a thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) platform. By elevating the polymer antennas above the chip surface, the design enables two-dimensional beam steering while maintaining the broadband advantages of end-fire emission. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations demonstrate transmission efficiencies up to 89.5 % over the 1.4–1.6 μm wavelength range, achieving a field of view of 24.9° × 22.8° with beamwidths of approximately 1.7°. The architecture’s compatibility with electro-optic phase control and advanced array configurations suggests significant potential for high-speed, low-loss beam steering systems. This work establishes a foundation for scalable 3D photonic phased arrays that bridge integrated optics with free-space beam manipulation.