Foliar application of gamma aminobutyric acid regulates sulfur metabolism and restores redox balance to improve aluminum tolerance in Camelina sativa

. Functional inhibitor experiments demonstrated that the protective role of GABA depends on calcium signaling and reactive oxygen species signaling pathways. Transcriptome analysis further revealed extensive regulation of genes involved in antioxidant defense and sulfur metabolism. These findings demonstrate that GABA enhances aluminum tolerance through coordinated regulation of sulfur metabolism, redox homeostasis, and stress signaling, providing new insights into sustainable strategies for improving crop resilience in aluminum-affected soils.