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The aim is to clarify the definitions of AGVs, AMRs, and MRs to improve interoperability in warehousing systems.

Automated and Autonomous Mobile Robots in Warehousing: Definitions, Autonomy Levels, and Research Directions

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The aim is to clarify the definitions of AGVs, AMRs, and MRs to improve interoperability in warehousing systems.
Conducted a systematic literature review of 177 English and German-language publications from 2000 to 2025.
Assessed risk of bias using predefined evidence grades and content relevance grades.
Clustered findings by locus of control, freedom of manipulation, collaborative ability, and software capability.
Definitions of AGVs overlap with new AMR and MR concepts, highlighting commonalities.
Introduced a spectrum of autonomy maturity levels from zero autonomy to fully autonomous systems.
Identified implications for future research to enhance scalability and innovation in mobile robotics.

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Defines AGV, AMR, and MR terms in warehousing, indicating levels of autonomy for better integration.

Franke et al. (2026) studied this question.

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