Comparative Phytochemical Profiling and Cellular Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Wild and Cultivated Vaccinium Berries

Background: Vaccinium berries are rich in polyphenolic compounds with recognized health properties; however, studies integrating phytochemical characterization with functional cellular assays remain limited. This study comparatively evaluated wild (Vaccinium myrtillus L., VM) and cultivated blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., VC) using phytochemical profiling alongside in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity testing. Six samples from Romanian regions were extracted using ultrasound-assisted methods, then analyzed for total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC). Anthocyanins were further characterized by LC–MS/MS. The most bioactive extracts were tested for cytocompatibility, intracellular ROS modulation in Caco-2 cells, and anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. VM extracts showed higher total phenolic, anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant capacity than VC, with LC–MS/MS confirming a richer anthocyanin profile and differences in other phenolic compounds. Both extracts significantly reduced intracellular ROS in H2O2-stimulated Caco-2 cells and decreased IL-8 secretion in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells, with a more pronounced dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect for VM. These findings demonstrate that phytochemical differences between wild and cultivated Vaccinium species translate into distinct biological activities at the cellular level. The integrated approach provides a mechanistic link between composition and function, supporting the superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of VM and its relevance for functional food and nutraceutical applications.