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This study examines migration’s return and reintegration phases, focusing on stress, mental health, and gender dynamics. A sample of 646 adult Spaniards included returnees (N = 358) and a control group of non-migrants (N = 288). The questionnaire covered socio-demographic and migration variables, using the PSS-14 (stress) and GHQ-28 (mental health) scales. Returnees showed more somatic, depressive, anxious, and social dysfunction symptoms, supporting the acculturation stress hypothesis. Returnee women experience higher levels of stress and more symptoms than returnee men. Migration experiences, objectives, and expectations predicted stress, with added effects of low host-society identification in women. Structural models revealed direct and indirect stress effects.
Elgorriaga et al. (Sun,) studied this question.