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Upconversion control: Applying a relatively low bias voltage to an epitaxial lanthanide-doped BaTiO3 thin film results in a significant enhancement of the upconversion emission. Moreover, the photoluminescence (PL) intensity can be modulated with an ac electric field (see picture). This approach provides a real-time and dynamic way to control photoluminescence.
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Hao et al. (2011) studied this question.
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