Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
Upconversion control: Applying a relatively low bias voltage to an epitaxial lanthanide-doped BaTiO3 thin film results in a significant enhancement of the upconversion emission. Moreover, the photoluminescence (PL) intensity can be modulated with an ac electric field (see picture). This approach provides a real-time and dynamic way to control photoluminescence.
Hao et al. (Tue,) studied this question.