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In recent years, the increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events (EWEs) have posed a growing threat to power system resilience. The existing literature has examined the impact of extreme events on power system planning. However, few studies have systematically explored the role of large-scale electric vehicle (EV) fleets toward grid resilience enhancement in EWEs. Therefore, we propose a resilience-oriented power system planning method considering vehicle-to-grid (V2G) coordination, especially amidst blizzard events. A blizzard-induced grid failure model is established for long-term N-K contingency scenario generation, followed by a two-stage generation expansion and line hardening optimization considering both normal and contingency conditions. Three charging modes of EV fleets, i. e. , plug and play (PnP), orderly charging (V1G) and V2G, are compared. Case studies on a modified IEEE 39-bus system, using 2024 data from the Jibei region of northern China and two extreme blizzard scenarios, demonstrate that combining resilience-oriented planning with V2G coordination significantly reduces total system costs by 58. 02% compared to the baseline, achieving the lowest total cost of 2. 48 × 1 0 3 million. Furthermore, the integrated approach reduces load shedding cost by 87. 74% and 77. 95% compared to considering only EV coordination or only resilience planning, respectively. These findings highlight the value and novelty of integrating EV flexibility into long-term resilience-oriented power system planning.
Wang et al. (Wed,) studied this question.