Coordinated Operation of Active Distribution Network and Mobile Energy Storage Using Stackelberg Game

To improve system flexibility and reliability, mobile energy storage (MES) is treated as a unified dispatching resource of the active distribution network (ADN) to participate in operation optimization and power supply recovery. However, the coordinated optimization of MES with ADN network reconfiguration and voltage regulation is neglected in current studies. Especially, there exists blank research on ADN and MES as independent stakeholders. Therefore, a coordinated operation strategy based on the Stackelberg game for ADN and MES is proposed. Considering multitime period dynamic reconfiguration, voltage regulation, and their joint optimization with MES, the ADN as a leader, makes a tradeoff between expected profits and reliability to formulate reasonable prices for MES. As a follower, MES models energy transfer characteristics based on the space–time network and actively participates in the operation optimization of ADN by responding to the price decision to increase revenue. Following that, Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions are used to transform the two-layer optimization model based on the Stackelberg game into a single-layer mixed integer linear programming problem for solution. Finally, simulations on an improved IEEE-33 bus system validate the proposed strategy, which saves 2.2% of total social costs and reduces 6% of the voltage deviation.