Dual-Band MIMO Antenna Data Telemetry for Dual-Chamber Leadless Cardiac Pacing on Internet of Things Environment

This article proposes a dual-band two-port multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system for intraheart communication for future dual-chamber leadless cardiac transcatheter pacing (TCP) systems on Internet of Things (IoT) environment. The MIMO antenna is designed and miniaturized using a fractal approach with Minkowski island geometry. The fractal-based antenna design has a footprint of 3 mm <tex-math notation="LaTeX">×6.6 </tex-math> mm <tex-math notation="LaTeX">×0.254 </tex-math> mm, with an interelement isolation of 24 and 18 dB in the 2.45 and 5.8 GHz (ISM) bands, respectively. This is the first time a dual-chamber pacing system is proposed using a dual-band two-port MIMO antenna integrated TCP in the 2.45/5.8 GHz bands by placing two leadless TCP systems at an 80 mm distance and analyzing data transfer between them with different cases of the cardiac cycle. The proposed MIMO communication system can withstand more losses than the other reported works. Patient safety is also ensured by analyzing the specific absorption rate of the antenna system, which is within the range defined by the Federal Communications Commission.