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Microalgae are a promising renewable feedstock for sustainable biohydrogen (bio H 2 ) production due to their high growth rates, carbon fixation ability, growth adaptivity to various aquatic environments, low nutritional requirements, and minimal land use. However, low hydrogen yields and high production costs remain major challenges to their commercial viability. Recent advances in this field have focused on enhancing hydrogen yields through optimised cultivation techniques, pretreatment strategies, and integrated bioelectrochemical systems. Therefore, this review summarises current research on microalgae-based bio-H 2 production, highlighting novel pretreatment methods, genetic engineering, microbial immobilisation, and hybrid bio-H 2 fermentation systems to display novel strategies for increasing bio-H 2 yield. Furthermore, this review focuses on innovative reactor designs, such as microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) and hybrid systems fed with microalgae hydrolysate, to enhance bio-H 2 yields, thereby positioning microalgae as a key player in transitioning to a sustainable hydrogen economy.
Pillay et al. (2025) studied this question.
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