Climate finance challenges and solutions for global climate change

Addressing the persistent gaps in global climate finance requires moving beyond descriptive accounts of funding shortfalls to a systematic understanding of the structural factors that impede effective mobilization and allocation. This study develops an integrated theoretical framework combining public goods theory, international environmental justice theory, and global governance theory to examine three critical dimensions of climate finance challenges: lagging fulfillment of financial commitments, imbalance between mitigation and adaptation finance, and inequitable allocation among developing countries. Potential solutions include establishing binding mechanisms, reforming global governance institutions, strengthening allocation justice mechanisms, and establishing a cross-cutting accountability framework. By bridging normative principles with institutional realities, this study provides a theoretically grounded and empirically informed basis for reforming climate finance governance, offering actionable insights for operationalizing the new collective quantified goal and advancing equitable outcomes in the post-COP30 era.