Roles of MADS-box transcription factors in root development and stress adaptation through nitrogen signaling networks in plants

The MADS-box transcription factor (TF) family is pivotal in various aspects of plant biology, particularly in growth, development, and environmental adaptation. Recent studies highlight their critical involvement in root development, and nitrogen(N) signaling and abiotic stress tolerance, positioning them as central regulators of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), yield, and resilience. However, their direct relationship with plant yield has rarely been comprehensively summarized. This review synthesizes advances in MADS-box gene evolution, classification, and function, emphasizing their integration within N signaling pathways that regulate root architecture and hormonal balance with abiotic stress regulation. Key TFs, such as AGL21, ANR1, OsMADS25, and OsMADS27, coordinate auxin and ABA-mediated root plasticity and nitrate-responsive gene expression, thereby linking nutrient sensing with developmental outcomes. We also summarize systems biology insights and genome-editing approaches that reveal how MADS-box TFs serve as molecular bridges between nitrogen perception, transcriptional regulation, and adaptive root growth. By integrating molecular mechanisms with agronomic potential, this review underscores MADS-box TFs as promising targets for developing nutrient efficient and stress resilient crops for sustainable agriculture.