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K-shell x-ray spectroscopy is used to study the interaction of small-mass copper foil targets (>20×20×20.3em0exμm³) with a high-intensity (>10¹⁹0.3em0exW∕cm²) laser pulse. Efficient bulk heating to greater than 2000.3em0exeV is demonstrated using collisional-energy transfer from recirculating fast electrons. K-photon yields and bulk-electron temperatures calculated by three-dimensional numerical target-heating simulations are in good agreement with the experimental measurements.
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Nilson et al. (2009) studied this question.
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