Stream Organic Matter Budgets: An Introduction

This analysis of organic matter dynamics in streams has 3 objectives: 1) to explore the relationships between physical characteristics of streams and their watersheds (climate, geomorphology) and stream organic matter dynamics using data from a broad geographic area; 2) to compare stream organic matter dynamics in a diverse array of streams in order to suggest determinants of observed patterns; and 3) to reveal deficiencies in currently available data on organic matter dynamics in streams. Streams were included in this analysis not to represent the global diversity of stream types but because organic matter data were available. In the introductory chapter we describe the kinds of data included for each stream and provide brief descriptions of previously published organic matter data for streams included in the comparative analysis but not described in individual chapters. The next 16 chapters present organic matter data for streams from North America, Europe, Australia, and Antarctica. Most of the streams represented are in the temperate zone of North America. Data presented include climate and geomorphic variables and organic matter inputs, exports, and standing crops. The chapters on individual streams are followed by 7 chapters analyzing physical features of these streams and specific components of the organic matter budgets. Stream size, water temperature, and precipitation were the most important variables setting the physical template for organic matter processes occurring in the streams. Watershed area was the best predictor of gross primary productivity (GPP), which increased with increasing watershed area. Watershed area, discharge, and soluble reactive phosphorus concentration explained 71% of the variation in GPP. Climate (latitude) and vegetation type were more important than stream order in predicting litter inputs across a broad geographic range of streams, although, within a river basin, litterfall decreased with increasing stream order. Regression of benthic organic matter (BOM) and latitude and precipitation proved useful in predicting BOM standing crop in streams at a continental scale, although BOM was also related to channel characteristics such as gradient and woody debris. Benthic respiration increased dramatically with increasing temperature (Q10=7.6), suggesting a response related not only to metabolism but also to changes in BOM quality in response to latitudinal shifts in vegetation. Terrestrial and riparian vegetation was found to play an important role in regulating suspended particulate organic matter (POM) concentration and export, with higher values observed in forested streams and in lower gradient streams with extensive floodplains. Channel slope was the best predictor of dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration and export, probably because of its relationship with riparian wetlands and hydrologic flowpaths. In the final chapter, a synthesis of the organic matter budgets, we reached two conclusions: 1) At a global level, stream organic matter dynamics are driven primarily by climate through its effect on terrestrial vegetation. 2) Despite significant progress in understanding organic matter processes in streams, many of the differences we found among streams reflect omissions of important components of the budget, especially accurate measures of streambed area, heterotrophic respiration, standing stock of fine BOM, and groundwater inputs of DOM.