False Positives in a Reporter Gene Assay: Identification and Synthesis of Substituted N-Pyridin-2-ylbenzamides as Competitive Inhibitors of Firefly Luciferase

Luciferase reporter-gene assays are a commonly used technique in high-throughput screening campaigns. In this study, we report on a luciferase inhibitor (1), which emerged from an antagonistic G protein-coupled receptor luciferase reporter-gene assay screen. Instead of displaying receptor activity, compound 1 was shown to potently inhibit luciferase in an in vitro enzymatic assay with an IC50 value of 1.7 +/- 0.1 microM. In addition, 1 was a competitive inhibitor with respect to the substrate luciferin. A database search yielded another inhibitor (3) with a similar N-pyridin-2-ylbenzamide core. Subsequently, several analogues were prepared to investigate the structure-activity relationships of these luciferase inhibitors. This yielded the most potent inhibitor of this series (6) with an IC50 value of 0.069 +/- 0.01 microM. Further molecular modeling studies suggested that 6 can be accommodated in the luciferin binding site. This paper is meant to alert users of luciferase reporter-gene assays for possible false positive hits including highly "druglike" molecules due to direct luciferase inhibition.