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Charging of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), especially as market penetration increases, is an important challenge for today's power systems. This paper presents a stochastic methodology for smart charging of PEVs. All of the associated uncertainties are taken into account in the proposed methodology. Moreover, a comprehensive model for impact of charging/discharging strategies on the battery pack degradation in the vehicle has been included. The proposed approach is applied to a typical distribution network that contains wind-based distributed generation (DG) units. A cost-benefit analysis is carried out to extract the benefits of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) implementation in distribution network. The simulation results show that the V2G implementation without considering battery degradation is economical. However, when considering a battery degradation cost, V2G implementation without wind generation is not beneficial, while it is economical when considering wind DG. Moreover, the smart charging is economical in all conditions and also it reduces the battery degradation cost in comparison with uncoordinated charging.
Ahmadian et al. (Wed,) studied this question.