Key result
Only heart rate analyzed in real-time units and heart period analyzed in cardiac-time units yield an arithmetic mean equal to the definitional estimate based on all units.
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Phasic cardiac analyses require unit-matched metrics for valid means; challenges assumptions of rate-period interchangeability in psychophysiology.
Frances K. Graham (1978) studied this question. Only heart rate analyzed in real-time units and heart period analyzed in cardiac-time units yield an arithmetic mean equal to the definitional estimate based on all units.
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