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This study presents the development of environmentally sustainable Henequen fiber-reinforced polymer composites enhanced with copper oxide nanoparticles for clean engineering applications . Five composite variants were fabricated via the hand lay-up method with varying copper oxide loadings to investigate their influence on mechanical, thermal, and antibacterial properties . The composite with 15 g of copper oxide exhibited superior performance, achieving a tensile strength of 76.19 MPa, flexural strength of 81.29 MPa, impact strength of 17.92 kJ/m 2 , and Shore D hardness of 67. Microscopic analysis confirmed improved fiber–matrix adhesion and reduced fiber pull-out, while thermogravimetric analysis indicated enhanced thermal stability with 20 % char yield at 500 °C. Elemental mapping verified nanoparticle integration, and antibacterial assays revealed significant inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus , supported by biofilm disruption and oxidative cytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate the potential of copper oxide-reinforced natural fiber composites as biodegradable, antimicrobial, and high-performance materials aligned with the principles of clean and sustainable engineering.
Raja et al. (Tue,) studied this question.