Biomaterials, an Introduction

1 * Introduction.- Further Reading.- 2 * Characterization of Materials.- 2.1. Mechanical Properties.- 2.1.1. Stress-Strain Behavior.- 2.1.2. Mechanical Failure.- 2.1.3. Viscoelasticity.- 2.1.4. Pure Bending Stress.- 2.2. Thermal Properties.- 2.3. Surface Properties and Adhesion.- Problems.- Further Reading.- 3 * The Structure of Solids.- 3.1. Bonding between Atoms.- 3.2. Arrangement of Atoms.- 3.2.1. Atoms of the Same Size.- 3.2.2. Atoms of Different Size.- 3.3. Imperfections in Structures.- 3.4. Amorphous Solids.- Problems.- Further Reading.- 4 * Metals and Alloys.- 4.1. Alloys and Phase Diagrams.- 4.2. Imperfections and Strengthening Mechanisms.- 4.3. Corrosion of Metals.- Problems.- Further Reading.- 5 * Ceramic Materials.- 5.1. Atomic Bonding and Arrangement.- 5.2. Physical Properties.- 5.3. Deterioration of Ceramic Materials.- 5.4. Carbons.- Problems.- Further Reading.- 6 * Polymeric Materials.- 6.1. Polymerization.- 6.1.1. Condensation Polymerization.- 6.1.2. Addition or Free Radical Polymerization.- 6.1.3. Solid State of Polymers.- 6.2. Effect of Structural Modification on Properties.- 6.2.1. Effect of Molecular Weight and Composition.- 6.2.2. Effect of Side-Chain Substitution, Cross-Linking, and Branching.- 6.3. Properties of Polymers.- 6.3.1. Mechanical Properties.- 6.3.2. Thermal Properties.- 6.4. Deterioration of Polymers.- 6.4.1. Chemical Effects.- 6.4.2. Thermal Effects during Sterilization.- 6.4.3. Mechanochemical Effect.- 6.4.4. Deterioration of Polymers in Vivo.- Problems.- Further Reading.- 7 * Structure-Property Relationships of Biological Materials.- 7.1. Structure of Proteins and Polysaccharides.- 7.1.1. Proteins.- 7.1.2. Polysaccharides.- 7.2. Structure-Property Relationship of Tissues.- 7.2.1. Collagen-Rich and Mineralized Tissues.- 7.2.2. Elastic Tissues.- Problems.- Further Reading.- 8 * Tissue Response to Implants.- 8.1. Wound Healing Process.- 8.1.1. Inflammation.- 8.1.2. Cellular Response to Repair.- 8.2. Body Response to Implants.- 8.2.1. Cellular Response to Implants.- 8.2.2. Systemic Effects by Implants.- Problems.- Further Reading.- 9 * Soft Tissue Replacement I: Sutures, Skin, and Maxillofacial Implants.- 9.1. Sutures, Surgical Tapes, and Adhesives.- 9.1.1. Sutures.- 9.1.2. Surgical Tapes.- 9.1.3. Tissue Adhesives.- 9.2. Percutaneous and Skin Implants.- 9.2.1. Percutaneous Devices.- 9.2.2. Artificial Skin.- 9.3. Maxillofacial and Other Soft Tissue Augmentation.- 9.3.1. Maxillofacial Implant.- 9.3.2. Other Soft Tissue Implants.- Problems.- Further Reading.- 10 * Soft Tissue Replacement II: Blood Interfacing Implants.- 10.1. Blood Compatibility.- 10.1.1. Factors Affecting Blood Compatibility.- 10.1.2. Nonthrombogenic Surfaces.- 10.2. Implants for Blood Interface.- 10.2.1. Vascular Implants.- 10.2.2. Heart Valve Implants.- 10.2.3. Heart Assist Devices.- 10.2.4. Artificial Organs.- Problems.- Further Reading.- 11 * Hard Tissue Replacement I: Long Bone Repair.- 11.1. Internal Fracture Fixation Devices.- 11.1.1. Wires and Screws.- 11.1.2. Fracture Plates.- 11.1.3. Intramedullary Devices.- 11.1.4. Nail and Plate Devices for Femoral Osteotomy.- 11.1.5. Spinal Fixation Devices.- 11.2. Materials Used for Internal Fracture Fixation Devices.- 11.2.1. Stainless Steels.- 11.2.2. Cobalt-Chromium Alloys.- 11.2.3. Other Metals.- Problems.- Further Reading.- 12 * Hard Tissue Replacement II: Joints and Teeth.- 12.1. Structure and Function of Joints.- 12.2. Various Joint Replacements.- 12.2.1. Hip Joint Replacement.- 12.2.2. Other Joint Replacements.- 12.2.3. Materials Used for Joint Replacements.- 12.3. Dental Implants.- 12.3.1. Endosseous Implants.- 12.3.2. Other Dental Implants.- 12.3.3. Materials Used for Dental Implants.- Problems.- Further Reading.- Appendix: SI Units.- Name Index.