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This study reports the green synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4@CP-NPs) using citrus pomace extract as a natural stabilizing and coating agent. Structural and surface characterizations (FE-SEM, XRD, EDX, UV–Vis, FTIR, and VSM) confirmed the successful formation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with functional groups from the extract bound to their surface. Adsorption performance was evaluated using Reactive Yellow 145 (RY145), a representative azo dye pollutant. Batch experiments examined the effects of dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and temperature. Under optimal conditions (3. 6 g/L dosage, pH 5, 250 mg/L dye), Fe3O4@CP-NPs achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 192. 49 mg/g. Equilibrium data were best fitted by the Toth isotherm (R2 = 0. 999), while adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters confirmed a spontaneous, exothermic process. Regeneration with NaOH enabled 99. 12% dye desorption, with high reusability over several cycles. Notably, a preliminary cost estimation showed that large-scale synthesis could be achieved at ∼0. 036 US/g, underscoring its economic competitiveness compared with conventional adsorbents. This is the first report on the valorization of citrus pomace for producing high-performance magnetic nanoadsorbents for azo (–N = N–) dye removal, highlighting both scientific novelty and environmental relevance.
Kolli et al. (Tue,) studied this question.