Participating in sports for individuals with autism spectrum disorder: shifting the focus from symptom relief to performance

In this hypothesis and theory paper, we propose a conceptual framework for identifying sports whose characteristics align with traits commonly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Inspired by reports in sports media about neurodiverse athletes who have excelled in various athletic activities, we hypothesized that some sports may especially suit individuals with ASD because they trigger fewer symptoms while also allowing them to play to their strengths. This article is not a review aimed at testing a hypothesis but instead presents our hypothesis, organizes relevant concepts, and discusses which sports may be best suited for athletes with ASD. To explore our hypothesis, we examined two recent reviews on sports-based interventions for individuals with ASD. Our examination revealed that most published studies have investigated symptom relief or the management of challenging behaviors, not participating in sports for enjoyment, to develop skills, or as a means of performance. Because few such studies have measured performance or the suitability of specific sports for individuals with ASD, we particularly considered whether some sports are especially suited for individuals with ASD for the purpose of not only competition but also performance. Following an overview of four sports categories, this article discusses how those categories are compatible with some common symptoms and features of ASD. Emphasizing the variability between and within the categories, we showcase certain sports in order to provide guidance for athletes and children with ASD, as well as their parents and therapists, in identifying appropriate sports for their particular forms of ASD.