Piezoelectric Nanoparticle-Based Ultrasound Wireless Piezoelectric Neuromodulation Inhibits Epileptiform Activity of Primary Neurons

Piezoelectric materials, renowned for their ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, have gained attention for their potential in biomedical applications. In particular, piezoelectric nanoparticles, such as barium titanate nanoparticles, hold great promise for treating neurologically related diseases. In this study, barium titanate piezoelectric nanoparticles are used as stimulators to directly treat epileptic neurons. After being modified by polyethylene glycol, barium titanate nanoparticles have shown excellent biocompatibility and dispersibility. Furthermore, such nanoparticles offer wireless piezoelectric stimulation to neurons in response to low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. More importantly, our experiments reveal that piezoelectric stimulation immediately reduces neuronal intracellular calcium concentration and restores cell viability. These effects are attributed to the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and the release of active substances. These findings offer insights into the potential of piezoelectric stimulation as an approach for epilepsy treatment and enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying electrical stimulation in epileptic neurons.