Sub-millisecond conformational dynamics of the A 2A adenosine receptor revealed by single-molecule FRET

The complex pharmacology of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is defined by their multi-state conformational dynamics. Single-molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) is well-suited to quantify dynamics for individual protein molecules, however, its application to GPCRs is challenging; therefore, smFRET has been limited to studies of interreceptor interactions in cellular membranes and receptors in detergent environments. Here, we performed smFRET experiments on functionally active human A 2A adenosine receptor (A 2A AR) molecules embedded in freely diffusing lipid nanodiscs to study their intramolecular conformational dynamics. We propose a dynamic model of A 2A AR activation that involves a slow (>2 ms) exchange between the active-like and inactive-like conformations in both apo and antagonist-bound A 2A AR, explaining the receptor’s constitutive activity. For the agonist-bound A 2A AR, we detected faster (390±80 μs) ligand efficacy-dependent dynamics. This work establishes a general smFRET platform for GPCR investigations that can potentially be used for drug screening and/or mechanism-of-action studies.