Effect of Growth Form, Salinity, Nutrient and Sulfide on Photosynthesis, Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Growth of Red Mangrove ( Rhizophora mangle L.)

The red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.), a dominant mangrove species in Florida, frequently occurs in two distinct growth forms, scrub and tall trees. These two growth forms show significant differences in physiology in the field, with lower CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, and carbon isotope discrimination or higher transpiration efficiency for the scrub form. To elucidate the possible factors responsible for these physiological differences, we studied the physiological and growth responses of scrub and tall red mangrove seedlings grown hydroponically in the greenhouse under 12 different growth conditions combining three salinities (100, 250, 500 mM NaCl), two nutrient levels (10, 100% strength of full nutrient solution), and two sulfide concentrations (0, 2.0 mM Na2S). The two growth forms showed similar physiological and growth responses to these treatments, suggesting no genetic control of physiological and growth differences between the growth forms of this species. High salinity, low nutrient level, and high sulfide concentration all significantly decreased CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, and plant growth, but only salinity significantly decreased intercellular CO2 concentration and leaf carbon isotope discrimination, suggesting that the lower carbon isotope discrimination, or higher transpiration efficiency, observed for scrub mangroves in the field is caused only by high salinity during the dry season. Hypersalinity thus seems to be one of the stressful environmental conditions common to all scrub red mangrove forests studied in southern Florida.