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Remediated water reuse is becoming vital for sustainable water management, reducing the strain on freshwater resources, particularly in agriculture and industrial activities. Behind the application in irrigating crops and the reuse in industrial processes, treated water should be employed for indirect and direct potable use. In the latter case, the traditional approaches to wastewater treatment have been found to be inefficient, especially concerning biological contamination, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and/or contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Given that, according to its origin and to its foreseen use, each wastewater needs a specific treatment. A plethora of new or improved materials, combinations of different treatments and check analyses are continuously developed and tested at laboratory scale, the first, necessary but not sufficient, step towards the solution. Various innovative treatments were tested at the pilot scale, and a reduced number of procedures were applied at the full scale, resulting in significant production of remediated water of the desired quality. The present review focuses on the most recent outcomes obtained from remediation procedures applied at both scales and discusses the gaps which still hinder the exploitation of new solutions and the advancements obtained in real-scale application.
Ferri et al. (Tue,) studied this question.