Three-Dimensional Printing of Metal–Organic Framework Crystal Structure Models for Chemical Education: Methods and Applications

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) pose a substantial challenge for creating high-fidelity physical models for educational use because of their intricate structures. Here, we report two 3D printing strategies designed to overcome limitations in structural accuracy, dynamic visualization, and cost-effectiveness. Using stereolithography, we fabricated millimeter-scale monolithic models of representative MOFs including UiO-66 and MOF-303. To improve color differentiation, scalability, and structural flexibility, we developed a modular “disassemble-then-assemble” approach based on multicolor fused deposition modeling. This method enabled the construction of flexible MOF models (MOF-808, MOF-5, BUC-88, and BUC-95) using PVC tubing as connectors. These interactive models allow students to simulate framework dynamics and explore structure–property relationships. In a small science outreach activity, retrospective pre/post-self-assessment showed a notable improvement in students’ self-perceived understanding: 16 of 17 participants reported higher comprehension levels following the intervention.