A Human-Technology-Organization Framework for Chemical Safety Education: Knowledge Evolution and Research Trends

Chemical safety education plays an essential role in preparing students to recognize hazards and conduct laboratory work safely. However, the evolution and emerging priorities of this research field remain insufficiently understood. This study systematically examines the research landscape, major themes, and future directions of chemical safety education. A machine-learning-assisted bibliometric analysis was conducted on 553 publications retrieved from the Web of Science after systematic screening. Four major themes were identified: chemical risk perception and safety behavior, immersive and simulation-based safety education, safety competency development, and chemical risk management and accident prevention. The findings indicate a shift from traditional safety knowledge and behavior training toward technology-supported, experiential, and competency-oriented learning with immersive and intelligent technologies emerging as key drivers of this transformation. To interpret these changes, a human-technology-organization (HTO) framework was developed, highlighting the dynamic interplay among learner needs, educational technologies, and organizational conditions. The framework emphasizes that effective digital safety education requires an appropriate technology, curriculum integration, organizational support, and continuous assessment of learning outcomes. Overall, this study provides a systematic understanding of the evolution of chemical safety education and offers practical guidance for the curriculum design, technology adoption, and laboratory safety instruction.