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July 26, 2026MedicinaOpen Access

Determinants of Early-Stage Breast Cancer Presentation in Western Kazakhstan: A Population-Based Analysis of Urban–Rural Disparities and Diagnostic Pathways (2015–2025)

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Authors

DZDinara ZholmukhamedovaTMTaushanova M.K.DWDariusz Walkowiak

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Overview

Population-based analysis identifies factors affecting early-stage breast cancer presentation in women in Kazakhstan, suggesting improvements for early diagnosis access.

Key Points

  • This analysis aims to identify factors associated with early-stage breast cancer presentation and assess its temporal patterns in Kazakhstan.
  • Retrospective population-based study of 2232 confirmed breast cancer cases diagnosed in Aktobe from 2015 to 2025.
  • Multivariable logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios focusing on socioeconomic and diagnostic factors.
  • Categorical modeling of calendar year and phase-based analysis conducted to observe trends.
  • 59.3% of cases presented at Stages I–IIa; rural residence had aOR of 0.77, indicating lower odds.
  • Patient-initiated presentation showed aOR of 0.46 compared to clinical detection, emphasizing the role of self-referral.
  • Temporal pattern showed peak odds in 2018 (aOR 2.49), with notable declines in following years, particularly 2020-2022.

Cite This Study

Zholmukhamedova et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a65a337d3aea3239cd766b8https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62081431
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