Kirat Civilisation and Yakthung (Limbu) Identity: Multidimensional Conflict, External Influences, and Possible Solutions

There exists a complex cultural-historical linkage of Kirat civilisation developing since remote ancient times in the northeastern region of Nepal and its carrier communities – particularly Yakthung (Limbu), Khambu (Rai), etc. However, in the past few decades, the controversy over the issue of "Are the Limbus Kirat or not?" has taken the form of serious social, cultural and political polarisation. On the one hand, the continuity and common identity of the larger Kirat civilisation are being advocated, while on the other hand, the stance of a 'distinctive Yakthung (autonomous) identity' is being maintained, considering 'Kirat' as a term imposed by an external and dominant state. The present research article provides an unbiased academic analysis of the historical, mundhum, political-economic and geopolitical dimensions of this conflict. The study examines the internal contradictions within the Kirat-Limbuwan movement, the impact of state policies, external micro-identitarian strategies, and ideological rigidity, and proposes a 'two-tiered identity' framework as an academic solution.