A Review of Electric Vehicle Integration in Peer–to–Peer Energy Networks

The rapid growth of electric vehicle (EV) adoption presents significant challenges for power system stability while creating new opportunities for decentralized energy management. Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy networks have emerged as a promising approach for transforming EVs from passive loads into coordinated grid assets. This paper presents a comprehensive review of EV-P2P integration through a three-layer architectural framework that systematically connects physical infrastructure, market mechanisms, and intelligent control strategies. The Physical Layer reviews how V2X technologies and bidirectional charging enable EVs to operate as flexible storage resources and ancillary service providers. The Transactional Layer reviews on blockchain-based platforms, auction mechanisms, and game-theoretic models for secure energy trading. The Intelligence Layer reviews advanced control strategies, including decentralized optimization methods such as the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) and Deep Reinforcement Learning. Collectively, the reviewed studies demonstrate that these approaches enable EVs to operate as flexible loads, distributed storage resources, and ancillary service providers, while improving energy trading efficiency, reducing operating costs, and alleviating network congestion under simulated operating conditions. Despite these promising results, a substantial gap remains between simulation-based studies and practical implementation. Future research should prioritize integrated pilot projects to evaluate scalability, interoperability, cybersecurity, and regulatory compliance under realistic operating conditions.