Ecotoxicities and Bioactivities of Different Dinotefuran Formulations: Influencing Factors and Risk Assessment

To elaborate on the differences in biological activities and ecological toxicities of multiformulations of agrichemicals with influencing factors, in terms of exposure mode, exposure time, pesticide adjuvant, and test biological species, the bioactivity of five dinotefuran formulations against three targets was studied, which was 17.3–181.2 mg/L. Dinotefuran SC was the most effective formulation for controlling Besimia tabaci (LC 50, 17.3 mg/L), and dinotefuran WP showed the best activity against Frankliniella occidentalis (19.4 mg/L) and Sitobion avenae (35.7 mg/L). The acute toxicity of all dinotefuran formulations to Apis mellifera by oral assay mode was 27.4–423.4 times higher than that by contact mode. Apis melliferas suffered serious hazards following oral exposure to GR dinotefuran with 7.8 × 10 –2 mg/L at 48 h. A. mellifera suffered the highest ecotoxic risks at 7.4–1222.8 when exposed to dinotefuran WG, followed by SC formulation (RQ, 2.2–1111.1), SG (9.1–882.4), WP (10.1–646.6), and GR (1.3–173.1). The oral exposure risks of dinotefuran formulations were 558.5–1222.8 on A. melliferas, which were significantly greater than the contact exposure risks of 1.3–23.6. Additionally, 1.2–2.3 times RQ had been amplified for dinotefuran formulations to A. mellifera after exposure for 24 to 48 h. The study provided a theoretical basis for reducing application and increasing efficiency and afforded a scientific reference for the development of green pesticide formulations.