Randomized trial optimizes energy operation in an intelligent off-electrical grid, highlighting hybrid management's impact on consumer satisfaction and costs.
This study proposes energy operation in an intelligent off-electrical grid (IOEG) with hybrid management of demand and employing hydrogen system by three layers multi-criteria optimization approach. In up and middle layers, hybrid management of consumption in demand side is proposed. The up layer is formulated considering offer price approach for load clipping (LC) strategy. The load shifting (LS) strategy considering optimal rate of consummation is proposed in middle layer. In low layer, maximize consumer satisfaction as social objective, improving profile of voltage as technical objective and minimizing power production costs as economic objective are optimized as multi-criteria optimization considering managed consumption in up and middle layers. In addition, hydrogen system as power storage is employed for centralized power production (CPG) in lower layer. The suggested optimization approach is formulated in GAMS software. The Shannon entropy and improved epsilon-constraint methods are used for solving decision making and multi-criteria optimization in low layer. The 33-nodes test grid is used as IOEG and implementing suggested optimization approach. In the end, the results demonstrate the optimum values of objectives with the LS, LC and CPG strategies, achieved through a comparative analysis of different case studies. With implementing LS, LC and CPG strategies, the consumer satisfaction is maximized by 9.2%, the voltage index is improved by 7.52%, and the power production cost is minimized by 9.18%.
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Sherov et al. (2026) studied this question.
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