Demonstrates achieving AI capabilities with smaller models on consumer hardware, suggesting a new approach.
The frontier of artificial intelligence is currently defined by massive monolithic models: GPT-5, Claude Opus 4, Gemini 2.5 Pro, DeepSeek-R1, Grok 3, Llama 4. These models cost $500M–$2B to train and require massive GPU clusters. This paper presents a viable alternative pathway: achieving comparable capability through the orchestrated ensemble of fine-tuned small specialist models (7-8B parameters) on consumer-grade hardware (Apple M2 Ultra, $7K).
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Yahya Saqban (2026) studied this question.
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