Pharmacological Activities of Rutin: Molecular Targets and Mechanisms

Rutin is a naturally occurring flavonoid glycoside widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants. It has attracted significant attention due to its diverse pharmacological activities and favorable safety profile. This review highlights the molecular targets and underlying mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic potential of rutin. Rutin exhibits potent antioxidant activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species and enhancing endogenous antioxidant defenses through modulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Its anti-inflammatory effects are primarily mediated via inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppression of key signaling cascades such as the NF-κB pathway and MAPK pathway. In addition, rutin demonstrates significant anticancer properties by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and modulating pathways including PI3K/Akt pathway. It also exhibits cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective effects through mechanisms involving regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic enzymes. Furthermore, rutin influences endothelial function and improves vascular health by modulating nitric oxide production.