Narrative review summarizes anatomy, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for posterior ankle impingement in dancers, highlighting biomechanics.
Posterior ankle impingement syndrome (PAIS) is a condition characterized by posterior ankle pain, typically resulting from forced or repetitive plantar flexion. It is one of the most common injuries in ballet dancers, making appropriate diagnosis and treatment essential. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the anatomy, pathology, diagnostic assessment, and treatment strategies of PAIS, with special emphasis on dance-specific biomechanics and return-to-dance considerations following treatment.
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Katakura et al. (2026) studied this question.
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