Effects of bioresource groups on scavenging indigenous chicken production systems, population demographics, reproduction characteristics and challenges in KwaZulu-Natal

Context Indigenous chickens remain a major protein source in rural communities, helping reduce malnutrition, especially in KwaZulu-Natal, which has numerous ecological zones (bioresource groups (BRGs)). A BRG is a unit of land defined in terms of vegetation type, climate, soil association and topography that may affect chicken production. Therefore, understanding the effects of different BRGs on chicken production systems will unveil more information to improve protein supply. Aims The study aimed to determine the effects of different ecological zones (BRGs) on indigenous chicken production systems, population demographics, reproduction characteristics and challenges. Hypothesis It was hypothesised that the different ecological zones (BRGs) would not affect indigenous chicken production systems, population demographics, reproduction characteristics and challenges. Methods Structured questionnaires (250) were administered by face-to-face interviews in five BRGs (BRG 1, 5, 8, 14 and 22). Population dynamics, productivity data, reproductive characteristics of indigenous chickens, and challenges encountered by farmers were collected. Key results BRGs did not affect chicken numbers but did affect sex and age. Chick numbers were highest in BRG 14. The total number of adult chickens and cocks was highest in BRGs 1, 5 and 14. Birds in BRGs 5 and 8 were provided with higher feed per day than were those in the other three BRGs. Chickens in BRGs 1 and 8 forage for longer distances. The percentage of laying hens was higher in BRGs 1, 8 and 22, whereas more hens were brooding in BRG 14 and fewer in BRG 4. BRGs 14 and 22 showed the highest percentage of hens rearing chicks compared with other BRGs. Conclusions In conclusion, BRG impact on chicken populations was minimal, but its effects on nutritional characteristics and foraging range challenges varied. This requires further studies to establish the effects of nutrient deficiency on chickens’ optimal growth and production potentials. Implications Indigenous chickens are widely adaptable to local conditions, irrespective of BRGs. Therefore, they represent a valuable genetic resource for breeding highly productive yet adaptable chickens, ensuring a continuous supply of protein across different BRGs. This can enhance food security for resource-poor rural farmers.