Electrical Detection of High-Order Optical Orbital Angular Momentum

= ±1 to ±9. With a single measurement, the OAM classification accuracy of the best-performing device can reach up to 99.92%. By integrating plasmonic gratings onto the device electrodes, incident vortex beams can be converted into surface plasmon polaritons with OAM-dependent splitting angles, which in turn produce photocurrents that vary monotonically with the OAM order. Further incorporation of a surface dielectric lens can enhance mode resolution, and a split-electrode architecture enables OAM chirality discrimination. Owing to its CMOS-compatibility and spectral scalability, this device provides a compact and robust solution for integrated OAM detection in structured-light-based optical communication and computing systems.