Impacts of anthropogenic and environmental stressors on biotic communities in Al-Mahmoudia Canal, Egypt: a seasonal assessment of water quality and plankton dynamics

Al-Mahmoudia Canal is crucial for water supply in Egypt’s Al-Beheira and Alexandria governorates, but it faces ecological challenges from pollution. This study examines plankton dynamics and water quality across four seasons at seven sites, analyzing microbiological contamination, heavy metals, turbidity, and nutrients. Phytoplankton abundance peaked in spring at Station 4, with seasonal variations linked to temperature and nutrients. Zooplankton showed seasonal diversity, with increased turbidity and nutrient levels in summer and autumn due to organic pollution. Heavy metal and microbial contamination also fluctuated seasonally, with fecal coliform levels exceeding safety limits. The study highlights pollution hotspots and emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring and management to ensure sustainable water resource use in the Nile Delta.