Counterterrorism or State Terrorism? A Human Security Analysis of the Operations of the Nigerian Armed Forces in Northeast Nigeria

This study critically examines the relationship between counterterrorism operations and human rights protection in Nigeria, with a particular focus on the activities of the NAF in combating Boko Haram and other violent extremist groups in Northeast Nigeria. While counterterrorism initiatives have contributed to weakening insurgent networks, reclaiming occupied territories, and restoring aspects of state authority, concerns persist regarding the human rights implications of military operations. Drawing on the theories of human security and critical terrorism, the study investigates whether Nigeria’s counterterrorism strategy has enhanced civilian security or, alternatively, generated new forms of insecurity through alleged violations of fundamental rights. Using a qualitative, historical analytical approach premised on relevant secondary sources, the study evaluates human rights records under the administrations of Obasanjo, Jonathan, Buhari, and Tinubu. Although successive governments have justified military operations as necessary responses to terrorism and insecurity, allegations of extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrests, prolonged detention, torture, enforced disappearances, excessive use of force, and weak accountability mechanisms have remained recurring features of Nigeria’s security landscape. The study argues that counterterrorism effectiveness should not be assessed solely through military achievements but also through its capacity to protect human dignity, uphold the rule of law, and strengthen public trust in state institutions. It concludes that sustainable peace and security require a human-centered approach that combines effective security measures with accountability, democratic governance, socioeconomic development, and respect for human rights. This study contributes to the ongoing debates on state violence, human security, and the legitimacy of counterterrorism practices in democratic societies.