Biocircular economy-driven bacterial cellulose with large pore size: statistical optimization using Glutamicibacter soli bread waste hydrolysate

over longer fermentation periods. Structural characterization demonstrated that hydrolysate-based BC possessed a distinctively large pore size, enhanced porosity (41 ± 1.2%), and reduced crystallinity relative to conventional Hestrin-Schramm-based BC, while fully preserving the characteristic cellulose chemical structure, properties particularly advantageous for drug delivery, wound healing, and filtration applications. Collectively, these findings establish G. soli BWH as a high-performance, sustainable fermentation substrate that simultaneously enhances BC productivity and tailors material properties, offering a compelling strategy for converting food waste into high-value biomaterials.