Lifelong learning for NEET youth: policy accessibility and employment pathways in Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand

This study conducts a comparative analysis of lifelong learning policies targeting NEET (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) youth in Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand. While these nations have implemented structured lifelong learning frameworks, the effectiveness of their policies varies significantly due to differences in policy structure, accessibility, employer engagement, and workforce integration. Using a document analysis methodology, this research examines how each country’s policies facilitate skill development, employability, and economic participation among NEET youth. Findings reveal that Singapore’s SkillsFuture model, despite being financially robust and industry-driven, lacks personalised support mechanisms for disadvantaged youth, making it difficult for them to navigate self-directed learning opportunities. South Korea’s vocational training programs, though strongly linked to employment pathways, suffer from rigid academic entry requirements and persistent cultural biases favouring university degrees. Thailand’s ONIE system provides accessible, community-driven education, yet weak employer collaborations and the absence of standardised certification frameworks hinder its effectiveness in securing stable employment. This study emphasises the need for hybrid policy approaches, integrating structured funding, employer-driven training, and flexible learning pathways. The findings underscore the importance of government-industry collaboration, digital inclusivity, and targeted mentorship programs in shaping equitable, future-ready lifelong learning models that empower NEET youth across diverse socio-economic backgrounds.