Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Vascular Structure and Arterial Stiffness in Adults Diagnosed with Persistent COVID: BioICOPER Study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Boxplots of c-IMT, cf-PWV, ba-PWV and CAVI according to alcohol consumption. The boxes show the interquartile range, the middle line represents the median, the whiskers represent the minimum and maximum values of the variable and the points represent the values outside this range. (a) Data corresponding to c-IMT. (b) Data corresponding to cf-PWV. (c) Data corresponding to ba-PWV. (d) Data corresponding to CAVI. Abbreviations: c-IMT: intima–media thickness of common carotid; cf-PWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; ba-PWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index. * and ○ represent the values outside this range. 0.00 represents the ‘non-drinker’ group, 1.00 represents the ‘low-moderate consumption’ group, and 2.00 represents the ‘heavy consumption’ group.

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  Figure 2. Marginal means for c-IMT, CAVI, cf-PWV and ba-PWV according to alcohol consumption adjusted for age and sex. (a) Data corresponding to c-IMT. (b) Data corresponding to cf-PWV. (c) Data corresponding to ba-PWV. (d) Data corresponding to CAVI. Abbreviations: c-IMT: intima–media thickness of common carotid; cf-PWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; ba-PWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index.

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  Figure 3. Percentage of participants according to alcohol consumption overall, men and women.

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  Figure 4. Bars show β (odds ratio) and 95% CI. Association between alcohol consumption and c-IMT, cf-PWV, ba-PWV and CAVI. (A) Multinomial regression analysis. Dependent variable: low-moderate alcohol consumption versus non-drinker (1 = low-moderate alcohol consumption. 0 = non-drinker). Independent variables: c-IMT, cf-PWV, ba-PWV and CAVI. Adjustment variables: age and lifestyles. (B) Multinomial regression analysis. Dependent variable: high alcohol consumption versus non-drinker (2 = high alcohol consumption, 0 = non-drinker). Independent variables: c-IMT, cf-PWV, ba-PWV and CAVI. Adjustment variables: age and lifestyles. c-IMT: intima–media thickness of common carotid; cf-PWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; ba-PWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index. × represents the β value along with its 95% confidence interval.