The effect of different anaesthetics on echocardiographic evaluation of diastolic dysfunction in a heart failure with preserved ejection fraction model

Figures

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  Figure 1. Diastolic dysfunction in obese ZSF1 rats assessed by pressure-volume loops. Pressure-volume loops indexed for body surface area (a), end-diastolic pressure (b), tau (c), and end-diastolic stiffness indexed for body surface area (d) in 6 obese and 7 lean ZSF1 rats at 21 weeks. Values are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05 and *** < 0.001. i, indexed for body surface area, calculated as 9.1 * body weight in grams2/3.

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  Figure 2. Ketamine/xylazine resulted in a more distinct separation of pulsed wave Doppler waves in both obese and lean ZSF1 rats. Pulsed wave Doppler images of isoflurane- and ketamine/xylazine-anaesthetised 20-week-old lean and obese ZSF1 rats (n = 7 per group). A, late mitral inflow peak velocity; AET, aortic ejection time; DT, mitral valve deceleration time; E, early mitral inflow peak velocity; IVCT, isovolumic contraction time; IVRT, isovolumic relaxation time; Ket/Xyl, ketamine/xylazine; NFT, non-flow time.

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  Figure 3. Ketamine/xylazine induced a more distinct separation of tissue Doppler waves in lean and obese ZSF1 rats. Tissue Doppler images of 20-week-old isoflurane- and ketamine/xylazine-anaesthetised lean and obese ZSF1 rats (n = 7 per group). A′, late mitral annulus peak velocity; E′, early diastolic mitral annulus peak velocity; Ket/Xyl, ketamine/xylazine; S′, systolic peak velocity.

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  Figure 4. Diastolic dysfunction in obese ZSF1 rats is detectable when ketamine/xylazine is used as an anaesthetic. E and A peak velocities (a, b), E/A ratio (c), mitral valve deceleration time (d), isovolumic relaxation time (e), E′ and A′ peak velocities (f, g), and E/E′/SV and E/E′ ratios (h, i) in 20-week-old isoflurane- or ketamine/xylazine-anaesthetised lean and obese ZSF1 rats (n = 7 per group). Values are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, ** < 0.01, and *** < 0.001. A, late mitral inflow peak velocity; A′, late mitral annulus peak velocity; E, early mitral inflow peak velocity; E′, early diastolic mitral annulus peak velocity; Ket/Xyl, ketamine/xylazine; SV, stroke volume.

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  Figure 5. Ketamine/xylazine was cardiodepressive in both lean and obese ZSF1 rats. M-mode images of 20-weeks-old isoflurane- and ketamine/xylazine-anaesthetised lean and obese ZSF1 rats (n = 7 per group) (a). Heart rate (b), cardiac output (c), and stroke volume (d) in 20-week-old isoflurane- or ketamine/xylazine-anaesthetised lean and obese ZSF1 rats. Values are presented as mean ± SD. **P < 0.01 and *** < 0.001. AW, anterior wall; EDD, end-diastolic diameter; ESD, end-systolic diameter; HB, heartbeat; Ket/Xyl, ketamine/xylazine; PW, posterior wall.

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  Figure 6. Heart rate reduction does not allow diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction in obese ZSF1 rats. E and A peak velocities (a, b), E/A ratio (c), mitral valve deceleration time (d), isovolumic relaxation time (e), E′ and A′ peak velocities (f, g), and E/E′/SV and E/E′ ratios (h, i) in 20-week-old isoflurane-anaesthetised lean and obese ZSF1 rats (n = 7 and 8 per group, respectively) administered with ivabradine or saline (vehicle control). Values are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, ** < 0.01, and *** < 0.001. A, late mitral inflow peak velocity; A′, late mitral annulus peak velocity; E, early mitral inflow peak velocity; E′, early diastolic mitral annulus peak velocity; Ket/Xyl, ketamine/xylazine; SV, stroke volume.