Renal denervation in patients with chronic kidney disease: current evidence and future perspectives

Figures

• 

  FIGURE 1:. Effect of bilateral nephrectomy on SNS activity in renal transplant patients. From Hausberg et al [12]. MSNA, muscle sympathetic activity; CVR, calf vascular resistance; n.s., not significant.

• 

  FIGURE 2:. Changes in 24-h ambulatory BP (top) and office BP (bottom), respectively, after renal denervation (A and C) and sham (B and D) treatment in sham-controlled RCTs with second-generation technologies.

• 

  FIGURE 3:. Changes from baseline with renal denervation or sham up to 36 months in the randomized, sham-controlled SPYRAL-ON MED study. Medication changes were allowed after end of primary follow-up at 6 months and patients were unblinded to randomization status at 12 months. Adapted from Mahfoud et al [27].

• 

  FIGURE 4:. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) expressed as burst frequency (bs/min; blue bars; left-hand scale) and burst incidence (bs/100 heartbeats; green bars; right-hand scale) in patients and healthy individuals grouped according to progressively more severe degrees of renal dysfunction. Adapted from Grassi et al [43].

• 

  FIGURE 5:. Mean basal total urinary NOx (nitrate + nitrite) excretion (V) in normotensive (control) and hypertensive sheep with CKD 2 and 30 months after renal denervation or sham procedures, respectively. Lines indicate standard error. *P < .05 comparing sham groups at follow-up. ##P < .05, ####P < .0001 comparing sham and treated groups at follow-up. From Singh et al [58].