Key result
Global cardiovascular disease DALYs attributable to high sodium intake increased by 40.88% from 1990 to 2021, reaching 37.7 million, although age-standardized rates declined.
Why the study?
CVDs remain the leading cause of global mortality and global sodium consumption remains excessive despite WHO recommendations, prompting an assessment of spatiotemporal trends and socioeconomic determinants of high sodium intake-attributable CVD burden from 1990 to 2021.
Observational
Yes
Despite declines in age-standardized rates, the absolute global burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to high sodium intake has increased significantly from 1990 to 2021, emphasizing the need for targeted sodium reduction strategies.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Absolute CVD DALY burden from high sodium rose globally; extends trend data but leaves intervention effects open.
Background and Aims Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of global mortality, with high sodium intake (HSI) being a key modifiable risk. Despite WHO recommendations (<2 g/day sodium), global consumption remains excessive. This study assesses spatiotemporal trends and socioeconomic determinants of HSI-attributable CVD burden from 1990 to 2021. Methods and Results Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021 data, we analyzed HSI-related CVD mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Trends were quantified using Joinpoint regression and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). Sociodemographic Index (SDI) correlations and age-period-cohort (APC) models were assessed. Globally, HSI-attributable CVD DALYs increased by 40.88% (1990: 26.8 million; 2021: 37.7 million), while age-standardized mortality (ASMR) and DALY (ASDR) rates declined 34.8% and 36.1%, respectively. Middle-SDI regions carried the highest burden (ASMR: 47.95/100,000; ASDR: 28.7/100,000). SDI showed an inverse correlation with HSI-related CVD burden ( P <0.001), with high-SDI regions exhibiting the steepest ASMR decline (EAPC = −2.51) APC models confirmed reduced risk over time, and males consistently exhibited higher burdens than females. Conclusion While age-standardized rates declined, absolute HSI-related CVD burden rose, emphasizing the need for targeted sodium reduction. Middle- and low-SDI regions require prioritized interventions, including food policy reforms and gender-specific strategies. High-SDI success models demonstrate multisectoral approaches are effective. Accelerated global collaboration is critical to meet WHO 2025 targets and address disparities linked to socioeconomic development and aging.
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Wang et al. (2025) conducted an observational in Cardiovascular diseases. High sodium intake was evaluated on CVD mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (p=<0.001). Global cardiovascular disease DALYs attributable to high sodium intake increased by 40.88% from 1990 to 2021, reaching 37.7 million, although age-standardized rates declined.
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