Structure and Cycle of Decadal Variability of Upper-Ocean Temperature in the North Pacific

Yearly upper-ocean in situ temperature anomaly data for the period 1961–90 are analyzed to reveal spatial structure and evolution of decadal variability in the North Pacific Ocean. An EOF analysis has been performed on individual temperature anomaly fields at upper-ocean standard levels, as well as simultaneously on the entire upper-ocean data to depict the combined three-dimensional structure in a coherent manner. Time evolution of anomaly fields is depicted by using a regression analysis. The analyses detect the principal basin-scale structure of decadal warm period (DWP) and decadal cold period (DCP). There is a well-defined subsurface thermal anomaly pattern, characterized by a prominent seesaw structure with opposite anomaly polarity between the midlatitude North Pacific and the subtropical regions. During a DWP, a positive temperature anomaly is found in the central midlatitude upper ocean, with the maximum at about 100-m depth. This is accompanied by a corresponding negative anomaly in the American coastal region and in the subtropics. A reverse pattern of these anomalies is observed during the DCP. Evolution between the DWP and the DCP involves significant zonal and meridional propagation of anomaly phase around the North Pacific, showing consistent and coherent variations from subsurface to sea surface, from central midlatitudes to the American coastal regions, and to the subtropical Pacific Ocean. This phase propagation is much more well-organized at subsurface depths than that at the sea surface, suggesting an anomaly decadal-scale cycle circulating clockwise around the subtropical gyre, which supports earlier findings by . There is a systematic and coherent westward transpacific phase propagation in the subtropical region. These analyses present evidence of the manner in which upper-ocean temperature anomalies evolved in the North Pacific, thus providing an observational basis for evaluating theoretical studies and model simulations. The dynamical implication for physical understanding and prediction of decadal climate variability are discussed.