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The integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into agricultural extension services is transforming the way knowledge and resources are disseminated to farmers, addressing longstanding challenges of reach, efficiency, and inclusivity. Traditional extension systems, constrained by limited resources, outdated methodologies, and poor scalability, often fail to meet the dynamic and diverse needs of modern agriculture. ICT tools, such as mobile phones, internet platforms, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), drones, and emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain, have revolutionized extension services by providing real-time, location-specific, and cost-effective solutions. This review synthesizes evidence on the role of ICT in enhancing agricultural extension systems, highlighting case studies such as India’s mKisan platform, Africa’s e-Agriculture initiatives, and the global Digital Green project. These examples demonstrate significant improvements in farmer access to timely information on weather, pests, markets, and best practices, leading to increased productivity and resilience.Despite these successes, several barriers impede the widespread adoption of ICT in agricultural extension. A pronounced digital divide, characterized by limited access to smartphones, internet connectivity, and electricity in rural areas, particularly in developing countries, restricts the reach of these innovations. Gender and socioeconomic disparities exacerbate these challenges, with women and marginalized groups often excluded from ICT-enabled benefits. Gaps in digital literacy among farmers and extension workers, inadequate infrastructure, and weak policy support hinder the scalability and sustainability of ICT interventions. Addressing these barriers requires strategic investments in rural connectivity, affordable technology, and capacity-building programs. Policies promoting public-private partnerships, funding for ICT-based innovations, and farmer-centric participatory approaches are critical for long-term success. ICT in agricultural extension include leveraging AI and machine learning for predictive analytics, expanding blockchain use for supply chain transparency, and adopting augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) for immersive farmer training. The integration of ICT into climate-smart agricultural practices and fostering global collaborations for technology transfer will be pivotal. By addressing challenges and seizing emerging opportunities, ICT can enable equitable, efficient, and sustainable agricultural development, ensuring food security in a rapidly changing world.
Khatri et al. (Wed,) studied this question.