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Efficient simplified blue-emitting phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) were fabricated with a nickel oxide (Ni 2 O 3 ) or molybdenum oxide (MoO 3 ) modified indium tin oxide (ITO) anode. The maximum current efficiency of device anode/bis(3,5-difluoro-2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl-(2-carboxypyridyl)iridium (FIrpic)/FIrpic:1,3,5-tris( N -phenylbenzimidazole-2-yl)benzene (TPBi)/LiF/Al was increased from 3.6 cd/A with ITO anode to 22.0 and 23.6 cd/A for Ni 2 O 3 and MoO 3 modified ITO anodes, respectively. Moreover, the maximum current and power efficiencies of another bilayer device ITO/MoO 3 /FIrpic:4,4′- N, N′ -dicarbazole-biphenyl (CBP)/FIrpic:TPBi/LiF/Al were as high as 49 cd/A and 48 lm/W, respectively. Photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were employed to investigate the electronic structure of the anode/organic interfaces. Results show that the band alignment at the oxide/organic interface plays a critical role in these simplified blue devices.
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Liu et al. (2010) studied this question.
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